托?荚囍,各種關(guān)于考試技巧,能力提升的廣告充斥在考生中間。技巧、說(shuō)教已經(jīng)在考生的耳邊磨爛了、吃透了、看穿了也背熟了。但是,還是有大量的朋友拿到成績(jī)單后發(fā)現(xiàn)口語(yǔ)部分產(chǎn)生去年20分今年卻18分的悲劇。
對(duì)于考完的同學(xué),無(wú)論分?jǐn)?shù)如何,ETS都給出了相應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)段的評(píng)價(jià),而這珍貴的評(píng)價(jià),由于其本身過于模板化,常常被同學(xué)們忽視。今天我們來(lái)認(rèn)真分析考完以后的成績(jī)單,希望給未來(lái)考試的同學(xué)提供幫助,同時(shí)對(duì)考完希望繼續(xù)提升的同學(xué)給予“前車之鑒”。首先讓我們來(lái)感受一下4分滿分的各個(gè)部分得分評(píng)價(jià)以及相關(guān)提分技巧:
TOEFL IBT Speaking Scoring Rubric
Independent Tasks (Questions 1 and 2)
Score:4
General Description: The response 1) fulfills the demands of the task, with at most minor lapses in completeness. It is highly intelligible and exhibits 2)sustained, coherent discourse. A response at this level is characterized by all of the following.
分析:很多人認(rèn)為,獨(dú)立任務(wù)題的4分,相對(duì)而言比后面的4題要容易拿到,因?yàn)榭煽氐囊蛩囟,從而理所?dāng)然的認(rèn)為:“獨(dú)立任務(wù)更加簡(jiǎn)單,背誦答案、機(jī)經(jīng)就可以了!边@種想法是錯(cuò)誤的。各位考生必須知道:
三大口語(yǔ)題型權(quán)重并列,就出題者而言,六道題并沒有難易之分。
而獨(dú)立任務(wù)題,難就難在 “可控因素”上面。在不知道考官到底想聽什么,一氣兒亂答的情況下,就造就了屢考屢敗的窘迫局面。
綜合評(píng)價(jià)提分技巧:
關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)一:完成口語(yǔ)任務(wù)——語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容要求
45秒考生的語(yǔ)言陳述,是否能夠完成任務(wù)要求,是決定滿分與否的基本條件,誠(chéng)然,ETS并不要求我們嚴(yán)格遵循45秒要求,畢竟人不是機(jī)器。45秒內(nèi),是否能夠完整回答題目提出的問題是關(guān)鍵。
關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)二:說(shuō)滿45秒——語(yǔ)言形式要求
無(wú)論考生是否完成了任務(wù)能夠把45秒鐘時(shí)間說(shuō)滿(最多留3秒空白)的形式類似于寫作對(duì)字?jǐn)?shù)的要求,這一點(diǎn)考生必須銘記于心。
說(shuō)滿時(shí)間的同時(shí),語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的連貫性(語(yǔ)言形式要求)也是對(duì)于滿分答案的基本要求。
Delivery: Generally 1) well-paced flow (fluid expression). Speech is 2) clear. It may include minor lapses, or minor difficulties with pronunciation or 3)intonation patterns, which do not affect intelligibility.
本項(xiàng)得分考察的是對(duì)于語(yǔ)言形式的要求:
口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言傳遞(delivery)形式,即發(fā)音要求。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,此處ETS要求的是發(fā)音(Pronunciation)本身,無(wú)關(guān)口音。
發(fā)音提分技巧:
1)節(jié)奏、停頓適當(dāng),不要語(yǔ)速那么快,130words/min的基本語(yǔ)速是可以接受的
2)發(fā)音清晰:元音飽滿,輔音清晰。容忍適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)音錯(cuò)誤,只要不影響理解。
3)語(yǔ)調(diào)表意:此處指升調(diào)和降調(diào),適當(dāng)?shù)纳{(diào)降調(diào)表達(dá),必然為具體內(nèi)容表達(dá)增添光彩,沒有重讀,沒有語(yǔ)調(diào)的答案和滿分無(wú)緣(哪怕語(yǔ)調(diào)運(yùn)用不太正確,也必須具有抑揚(yáng)頓挫)。
Language Use: The response demonstrates effective use of 1)grammar and vocabulary. It exhibits a fairly high degree of automaticity with good control of 2)basic and complex structures (as appropriate). Some minor (or systemic) errors are noticeable but do not obscure meaning.
本項(xiàng)考察的是對(duì)于考生語(yǔ)言使用(形式和內(nèi)容)的綜合狀況:
語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用提分技巧:
1) 語(yǔ)法和詞匯運(yùn)用的“正確性”把握。
就語(yǔ)法和詞匯在實(shí)際考試的運(yùn)用而言,使用“正確的詞”和“正確地用詞”是同樣重要的兩個(gè)方面?荚嚮蛘咂綍r(shí)練習(xí)實(shí)際操作(限時(shí)說(shuō)話的時(shí)候)說(shuō)你能說(shuō)的東西,比說(shuō)你想說(shuō)的東西更加重要。中國(guó)學(xué)生語(yǔ)法的常見錯(cuò)誤,就是時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá),綜合使用陳述的時(shí)候,需依據(jù)內(nèi)容使用不止一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài),是得到4分的要求之一。
2) 就句型結(jié)構(gòu)而言,“可控地”綜合使用基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)是滿分的進(jìn)一步要求,讓我們一起來(lái)看下下面這個(gè)滿分例子。
“My favorite movie is Amelia for two reasons. First, I have always wanted to go to France and Amelie was filmed in France. I am studying French and I love the sound of the language. I also think Paris is romantic and I want to go to the Louvre. Secondly, Amelie had very good directing. The way the director moved the camera made the movie exciting. So, for these reasons, Amelie is my favorite movie.”(75 words)
簡(jiǎn)單75個(gè)字,綜合了復(fù)雜句和簡(jiǎn)單句,四種時(shí)態(tài)正確運(yùn)用,邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)分明,細(xì)節(jié)明顯有效,滿分范本。
Topic Development: Response is sustained and sufficient to the task. It is generally well developed and coherent; relationships between ideas are clear (or clear progression of ideas).
話題展開,評(píng)測(cè)的是考生的語(yǔ)言形式要求。很多人認(rèn)為這是邏輯要求,其實(shí)不然和寫作類似(甚至弱于寫作),此處話題的展開,更多的是語(yǔ)言形式的邏輯,也就是所謂Progression of ideas。
備注:ETS并未涉及“邏輯”二字,不知道那些輔導(dǎo)天才們是怎么從Coherent扯到邏輯表達(dá)的,或者,在“牛人”們看來(lái),“邏輯”就是Coherent?)
話題展開提分技巧:
綜上所述,話題展開的部分評(píng)測(cè)是徹頭徹尾的語(yǔ)言形式結(jié)構(gòu)考察,在準(zhǔn)備自己的答案和平時(shí)說(shuō)話練習(xí)時(shí),請(qǐng)密切把握如下基本標(biāo)志詞,以及其對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容,只有從形式上把握好結(jié)構(gòu),才能夠真正實(shí)現(xiàn)話題的展開:
讓我們?cè)趤?lái)看一下剛才的滿分答案:
“My favorite movie is Amelia for two reasons. First, I have always wanted to go to France and Amelie was filmed in France. I am studying French and I love the sound of the language. I also think Paris is romantic and I want to go to the Louvre. Secondly, Amelie had very good directing. The way the director moved the camera made the movie exciting. So, for these reasons, Amelie is my favorite movie.”(75 words)
劃線詞匯,機(jī)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn),不言而喻。
Progression Words:
First
Second
Third
Then
Next
Before
After
Finally
Connection Words:
Because
And
So
Also
Additionally
Therefore
Thus
Contradiction Words:
But
Despite
However
Although
Rather
最后作為總結(jié),再次強(qiáng)調(diào)一下獨(dú)立任務(wù)的提分要訣:
1. 回答必須完成任務(wù),是獨(dú)立任務(wù)的關(guān)鍵,這也是限時(shí)說(shuō)話的意義所在;
2. 回答必須具有清晰(clear)而確定(defined)的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu);
3. 回答必須有具體的細(xì)節(jié);
4. 回答必須清晰而連貫,保持清晰連貫下的發(fā)音或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤可以容忍;
5. 回答展現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和詞匯的牢固(solid)把握,即使出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,亦不可影響實(shí)際意義的表達(dá)。
請(qǐng)記住,一定要在獨(dú)立任務(wù)當(dāng)中,說(shuō)自己能說(shuō)的話,考官想聽的話,而不是某某機(jī)經(jīng)里準(zhǔn)備的話、考前死記硬背的話或者臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮高大上的話。你可以不說(shuō)話,然你所說(shuō)的一切,將被作為打分依據(jù)!
來(lái)源:新東方在線